Prepare the Pan: Grease an 8-inch square baking dish or line it with parchment paper for easy removal.
Combine Ingredients: In a medium saucepan, combine sugar, cocoa powder, milk, butter, and a pinch of salt.
Cook the Mixture: Over medium heat, stir until the mixture is well combined and the sugar has dissolved. Bring to a boil, stirring constantly.
Boil: Continue boiling for about 4-5 minutes without stirring, or until the mixture reaches the soft-ball stage (about 234°F or 112°C on a candy thermometer).
Cool Slightly: Remove the saucepan from heat and let it cool for about 10-15 minutes. Do not stir during this time.
Add Vanilla and Nuts: Stir in the vanilla extract and chopped nuts (if using). Beat the mixture vigorously until it thickens and loses some of its gloss.
Pour into the Pan: Pour the fudge into the prepared baking dish and spread it evenly. Allow it to cool completely at room temperature.
Cut and Serve: Once set, cut into squares and enjoy!
Store any leftovers in an airtight container at room temperature. Enjoy your old-fashioned fudge!
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